Loss of Biodiversity free essay sample

The definition of biodiversity encompasses the degree of variations in organisms and/ or species within an ecosystem. The loss of biodeversity would be the diminishing of dfferent species within that ecosystem. For example, a lake may be the home to many types of fish. A change in the lakes temperature or chemistry may affect a food source for a certain type of fish. This type of fish may die out and leave the lake with one less species in it. The loss of one fish or food source may impact other populations and furthe diminish species diversity. Cause Invasive Species plants or animals which have moved to a habitat where they were not naturally found and are more successful than local species. Habitat loss Agriculture, housing and industry are destroying the habitats of many plants, animals and microbes. Our development means we must destory or decrease the natural ecosystems. Many animals have a certain range that they must maintain in order to live. We will write a custom essay sample on Loss of Biodiversity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If they do not have access to this area, their lives are significantly altered. Pollution Our oceans, rivers, lakes and lands have become rubbish bins for societys industrial and organic waste. Plastic in our garbage causes enormous problems. It kills or injures many marine animals and birds either through accidental entanglement or ingestion of the material in the mistaken belief that the plastic is food. For example, sometimes bags are misidentified as jellyfish. Climate Change Many plant and animal species are unlikely to survive climate change. For some species there will no longer be anywhere to live. Exploitation We have drastically reduced some fish populations, hunted some whales to the verge of extinction and destroyed whole forests and their ecosystems. Blast fishing is another practise which reduces the coral reefs in the sea. It is practiced in many areas. This is the process whereby dynamite is placed into an area in order to catch a large quantity of fish. Coral reefs especially are devastated by this activity. It is most prominent in undeveloped countries where this practice has existed for years. Effect The ecosystems deteriorate to an unsustainable level, at which the results would be incredibly expensive to reverse (ex. in Bangladesh and India, the over-logging of trees and forests makes floods during the monsoon seasons deadly. environmental changes Loss of one species may cause a chain reaction, resulting in a change to the ecosystem itself. gives us less choice as humans If certain species are lost, they are no longer available to us either as food, as enjoyment, or as resources for things we may not even know about yet. For example, if we deplete all the yellowfin tuna in the ocean, we no longer have this species avail able for our consumption. If we are divers or underwater explorers, we no longer can see this fish in its own environment and receive pleasure from this act. Solution Stop climate change from running out of control. In order to tackle climate change world needs international climate deal that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions on global level. Stop deforestation. Tropical rainforests are the areas of the richest biodiversity in our planet, providing living environment for millions of different species. Reduce environmental pollution. Pollution is not only happening in land but also in our oceans having very negative impact on marine biodiversity. Animals and plants cant thrive in polluted environment. Education and the Media Through educating people about the severity of this issue, there will be (hopefully) less exploitations of resources, pollution, and habitat losses. In addition, the media could be used to spread these types of thoughts and again, emphasize the importance of biodiversity, the detrimental effects it has on ecosystems, and how it impacts us. Biodiversity also needs to be more studied in order to give us the necessary knowledge needed to protect animal and plant species from going extinct.

Refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne

Refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne The Royal Exhibition Building located within Carlton Gardens in Melbourne Australia is a gem in comparison to other famous exhibition pavilions in the world. This site is ideal for large public or trade exhibitions and prominent main events. Having been completed in 1880, this iconic building has seen better days.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A growing demand in new market areas and the subsequent advancement in technology has placed new demands on this facility. This has prompted the authorities in charge to come up with strategies aimed at upgrading the venue into an amiable facility worthy of a six star status. The spot features first-class interior floor space of 12 000sq. m. over two levels, 7 000sq. m. of multipurpose outdoor grounds, exceptional public transport access and covertly secured parking lot (Cadamer 2008 , pp.101).  Scope of Feasibility Study for the Refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building Melbourne. Introduction The Commission for Sustainable Development in Australia has voted to commission a feasibility study to evaluate the technical and economic issues that would result from a refurbishment of the Royal building in the city of Melbourne. The intended refurbishment aims to upgrade this majestic venue to a level where it attains six star statuses. The study will consider the most viable options that can be undertaken to ensure that this historic site maintains its grandeur and it is also able to sustainably compete at the world market. The study will be ultimately used to support the use of readily available resources and technologies for the improvement of one of the worlds heritage sites so as to tap in to emerging market trends and also in an attempt to maintain the cultural heritage synonymous with the site. Its accessibility and connectivity to the rest of Melbournes financial, transportation and communication services will play a long way in ensuring this (David 2006 pp. 108).  This project is being overseen by the Department of Cultural heritage, Commission of Sustainable development, National Geographic and Natural Resources (Australia) and the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (Australia). This project is funded under the Asian Pacific Economic Program for Asian Pacific countries in conjunction with the Australian ministry of cultural heritage. This Program aims to address the economic and social disadvantages which can result from the refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition building. Under this major Program, several Measures will be undertaken to improve the general ambiance of this historic site.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is supposed to be accompanied by a tangible and sustainable upgrade in the transport, energy and communications infrastructure within the eligible area, in order to facilitate economic development and social co-operation that would match demands of the 21st century. Objectives of Study The object of this study is to evaluate the technical and economic issues that would arise in refurbishing the Royal Exhibition building in Melbourne such that it acquires a six star status. Bringing six stardom status to the Royal Exhibition Building is the core objective of this whole venture and this has to naturally fall under a careful sort out set of assumptions which will include the following. Determine the feasibility of providing a venue worthy of a six star status which is able to avail the desired competitive advantages to be able to tap in the numerous economic advantages being presented by the 21st century (Ihde 2001).  Identify the financial ramifications that might be associated with the said project. Provide an estimate of the human capital requirements a ssociated with the refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. Define any relevant geographical and archaeological features that would be encountered within the envisaged refurbishment activity, Carry out a Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment, Define the major components, potential locations and basic layouts for connecting all the present and potential stake holders. Prepare a project budget to an accuracy of +/- 10%, Prepare a project schedule.  In order for a project of such a magnitude to come into effect, several stakeholders have to put their act together. In this case the possible stakeholders are the Department of Cultural Heritage. This is mandated with the preservation and promotion of Australias cultural sites and since the Royal Exhibition Building lies in its domain then it is inevitable that they be a stake holder. The Commission of Sustainable development has been mandated in coming up with possible ways of enhancing developments that are su stainable in both the short and long term economic future. The National Geographic and Natural resources Commission is a national body that ensures that all natural resources are harnessed and exploited accordingly. Hence it would seem a very viable option for the refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building to enable it to reap full benefits of its economic potential.  Development of Enterprise, Trade and Investment movement is movement that would want to promote the said refurbishment in view of a potential upsurge in trade and business ventures once the venue acquires six stardom statuses.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Municipal Council of Melbourne, being a local government duly elected by the people, it would be an ideal opportunity for the council to invest and hence enable the electorate to benefit from the accrued revenues generating from the refurbished sites. UNESCO. Having endured 130 years since its construction, the Royal Exhibition building is rated highly by the United Nations body as an important heritage site and thus is likely to get an instant node as a site worthy of getting an upgrade so as to march up to the demands of 21 st century. Refurbishments are bound to occur at some point in the lifespan of a building. A buildings construction and design should put into consideration how future refurbishments can be undertaken. It must have occurred to the original designers of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne to put in place certain measures that would have ensured that this majestic structure would in future allow for some sustainable renovations to take place in view of not only prolonging its life but also to improve its aesthetic value so as to draw a larger clientele. From a Similar point of view, the building’s original blue print could have revealed a d eliberate attempt to accommodate renovations which would enable the building to get acceptable returns on investment if it was ever to be put up for sale.  This feasibility study was prompted by the desire to achieve the following objectives; First there was the desire to extend the life of the iconic Royal Exhibition building in Melbourne so that future generations would be able to behold in real essence the grandeur and panache that was originally associated with the said building. Then it was considered quite crucial that the building should uphold and retain its attractiveness to the already changing clientele. It is also of paramount importance that the building is able to measure up to the ever changing environmental demands i. e being compliant under the green technology adage while at the same time retaining its attractiveness to clients. The building is also expected to continue attracting greater rents and also present a considerable return on investments in case of a po ssible sale. The building is also through its refurbishments supposed to attract a six star recognition while at the same time achieving the much coveted competitive edge. Any sustainable renovation has to face up to challenges posed by constraints presented by time limitation and the fact that refurbishments and reconstruction present extra expenses and an interruption to the businesses that operate from the particular venue (Ihde,2001 pp.111)). Due to the following reasons, the need to act swiftly and minimize expenses are the main challenges that formulators of renovation designs have to constantly deal with. During renovation, huge amounts of waste is generated, thus it is very vital that a suitable approach for dealing with reclaimed materials, equipment and resources be put in place. It is also worthy to note that budget allocations could considerably reduce if effective processes of ensuring that proper waste management practices are put in place. This should also be accompan ied by a proper utilization of reclaimed material Access to eco-friendly and reclaimable resources is linked to a structure’s blueprint.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a close link between the two since the necessity of materials at a construction blueprint stage basically influences when, and to what degree, a structure requires renovation or remodeling. Secondly, design influences ease of access to required material so much so that if it fails to identify appropriate ways of using eco-friendly/reusable resources, then it follows that unnecessary expenses will be incurred while at the same time having to deal with identifying practical ways of dealing with the waste material (Hillary 2005 pp 101). Up to 97% of the construction work in Australia is carried out on already existing structures. Thus, building activities in the country have a great opportunity to embrace the concepts widely advocated the champions of a greener technology. Market analysis Australia is one of the fast developing countries in the world. The country has experienced several tremendous improvements over the last couple of years and this is not going to slow down. O ne of the areas noticeable is on tourism. Although tourism, one of the countrys key sectors, is having to endure an ever increasing competition from other Asian pacific countries, studies have indicated that a steady flow of tourists have continuously flocked Australia since the Sidney Olympics in 2002. This coupled with the fact that Australia is experiencing growing demand in new market areas such as venture and intellectual tourism, eco-tourism and upscale hotels, offers an opportunity for the country to revitalize the full-grown tourism sector, in addition the amplification of eco-tourism across the country. Other positive examples are the presence of offshore education and information and communication technology (ICT) enabled practices seen as possible additional sectors of potential development, especially from English-speaking countries. Foreign exchange earnings from both the agricultural and manufactured goods have immensely increased within the last 5 years, this has also seen an upward surge in developments in tourism, learning and monetary service providers.  Over 4,200 firms in Australian are doing business directly with China, there has also been a tremendous increase of small and medium sized enterprises from Australia in china in the last two years. Our resources companies has been joined by architectural, building, engineering, logistical, accountancy and legal firms are some of the companies from Australia that are now taking part in the Chinese market Export of manufactured goods to the least developed countries has increased from a partly 43% from the last ten year to an impressive 53% this current year. UBS has pointed out to India, South Africa, Papua New Guinea, and the UAE as emerging future markets for Australia products. With upsurge of economic developments in most countries that traditionally had shared little or no economic ties with Australia, It has thus become increasingly necessary for Australia to review its trade relations with these countries in attempts to tap into the new but lucrative business opportunities presented. In short, the emergence of these economic ventures is bound to present an ideal ground for the Royal exhibition building as a focal business/commercial center. 1st July 2004 marks the day when the Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens got duly recognition by UNESCO and were therefore subsequently placed on the World Heritage list. Hence, they became the first sites within Australia to achieve a listing in World Heritage. Presently, the Royal Exhibition Building is a component site of Museum Victoria while the adjacent gardens fall under the jurisdiction of the City of Melbourne. With its fabulously lavish interior, all-embracing galleries and lofty arena, the Great Hall is second to none when it comes to hosting superb trade shows, fairs and artistic and public events. Hence with anticipated refurbishments, this majestic venue will not only attract high caliber clientele but will also enhance a long and an illustrious history as one of the worlds, cultural.business and heritage sites. Technical Analysis The Royal Exhibition is located in Carlton Gardens Melbourne Australia. It is made of brick and has been set on a bluestone base. It has long central naves and stunted transepts. For access, it has four triumphal entrance porticoes one on each side. Refurbishment works of for this building are aimed at embracing a variety of green building aspects. It is aimed at achieving high levels of carbon neutrality and water balance. Innovative technologies such as lowering the use of energy and recycling of used water in the building for cleaning and watering the adjacent gardens are some of the technologies that will be used. Figures in US $ Activity Duration Cost Moving and setting machines and equipment 2 months 2,000,000 Renovation of the e and w wings of the building 8 months 48,000,000 Renovation of the s and w wings of the building 8months 48,000 ,000 Restoration of adjacent parking area 2 months 6,000,000 Total cost 104,000,000 Dynamo Company limited which has taken part in the construction of numerous mega structures in Australia will be providing the necessary machinery and equipment. They were considered since they have all that was needed in terms of machines and equipment. The centrality of the building makes it most ideal for access of building materials. This is also enhanced by the availability of building material in Melbourne and good infrastructure which ensures smooth transportation.Above is an illustration of the time and amount of finances projected for complete renovation of the building. It has been decided to follow the following sequence so as to allow for continuation of business by half of the premises operating there even when renovation work is ongoing. This is only a projection and it has also been taken into account that financial implications at completion of the project might exceed the pro jected figures due to factors such as price inflation. It might also take longer than two years to complete due to other unforeseen circumstances such as erratic weather conditions.  Since the construction industry in Australia has grown considerably, there is abundant skilled labor to undertake the renovation. The various cadres required to undertake a successful construction venture for instance, architects, designers, engineers, masons, laborers, machine operators etc are in constant supply. Most of the waste material from the renovation will be put into good use. Rabble and debris from the site will be used to lay the foundation of the adjacent park. Discarded steel will be smelted and recycled. Statement of anticipated problems and risks Refurbishment of the Royal exhibition building is bound to experience the following hiccups; inadequate funds. Though there are potential stakeholders who might be willing to fund this project, their budgetary allocations might not be enough to see the project to its conclusive stage. The project also faces the problem of having to experience lapses in the time frame within which it is supposed to have commenced and gained completion. There is also the problem of price and market fluctuations in building materials which will mean that the original operating budgets cannot sustain the project to its conclusion. This project might also experience difficulties in having to deal with the numerous and stringent legal legislations required by the authorities. The emergence of other new and modern business venues might mean that this project is deemed vague and an attempt in futility. There can also emerge conflicting refurbishment designs (Seebhom, 2004). Financial analysis The proposed project is estimated to cost around one hundred and twenty ($120) US dollars. Twenty million is expected to cover the cost of labor while the rest is supposed to cover the cost of the building materials needed for the completion of the project . The vast amount of funds that this project is expected to require will call for several investors to chip in. However, the Australian government should be expected to contribute a substantial amount through its various bodies namely; Commission for sustainable development, National Geographic and Natural Resources commission and the development of Enterprise, Trade and Investments Program. Other potential investors include UNESCO and the Municipal Council of Melbourne. Having that the Royal Exhibition Building is a venerated business hub in Melbourne, several financial institutions might also consider it as good business and decide to finance the project anticipating improved returns once the project is complete.  Currently the Royal Exhibition Building has a usual turnover of about twenty five million dollars per annum. With improved facilities after the refurbishment, this revenue is expected to double. For all the investors to recoup their invested funds, it is estimated that it will take a minimum of five years for the hundred and twenty million dollars plus interest to be fully recovered by the investors. After that, the building is estimated to be accruing revenues of around forty million dollars per year. Financial Cash Flow Statement: Renovation of the Royal Exhibition Building  (figures in US$ ) EvaluationTo objectively and judiciously unearth the strengths and weaknesses of an existing business or projected endeavor, be able to identify the opportunities and threats involved, take stock of the available resources, coming up will ways of applying these resources to attain an anticipated amount of success is in most of the cases the reason why most feasibility studies are carried out. This has been the case with my case study. However, sound capital budgeting techniques must be adhered to so as to determine beyond doubt that the project will be viable financially. This not only helps in making sound economic decisions but it also allows for the exploration of profitable investment opportunities. I will confine myself to mainly three techniques to measure the worth of this particular project against its expected return on investment. Payback method It represents the number of years required to recover the original cash outlay invested in a project. It is based on the principle that every capital expenditure pays itself back over a number of years. It attempts to measure the period of time it takes for the original cost of a project to be recovered from the additional earning of the project. The formula for calculating payback period is; This shows a strong indication that the project is highly viable. Though the above method is favored due to its, simplicity, liquidity, safety and reliability, it fails to capture the time value of money, disregards the productivity and cost of capital and doesn’t capture the entire lifespan of projects. Net Present Value Method The net present value is the difference between the pr esent value of the future cash inflows after tax and the present value of cash out lay. It is expressed as follows; Conclusion This is also a good indication that the project is viable.  Inasmuch as one would want look forward to formulating a foolproof feasibility study, it should be noted that there are some underlying factors that will inevitably influence the course of events and which can be hardly be anticipated neither accounted for. For example a schedule feasibility study may fail to account for delays emanating from maybe erratic climatic conditions or may be due to a sudden inflation in world markets (Thomas 2004, pp. 222). List of References Cadamer. H. 2008. Feasibility Study. California: University of California Press. David A. 2006. Learn About Building Green and Sustainability. Warsaw: Trane  Publishers. Ihde, D.2001. Expanding With Sustainable Technology. Illinois: North West  University Press. Jean. 2001. Feasibility Study Simplified. New York: State Univer sity New Press.  Hillary. B. 2005. Emerging Technologies and Practices. Chicago: Chicago  University Press. Ramburg, B. 2009. Boosting Efficiency energy with emerging  Technologies.Chicago:Summer2009 Hacket. Seebhom. T. 2004. Feasibility methods Methodology ISBNI-4020=2618-8(e-book)Dordrecht,Netherlands:KluwertPublishers. Stephen, J. 2011. Building Community Using Social Technology. Maryland:  United Press.  Thiselton, D.2000. Sustainable energy. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing  Company. Thomas, G. 2004. The Royal Exhibition Building. Melbourne: University of  Melbourne Press.

The Theme Of Fame In Ex-Basketball Player By John Updike Essay

The Theme Of Fame In Ex-Basketball Player By John Updike - Essay Example Pearl Avenue in the poem symbolically represents the road to success, which is, according to the author, a hard one to follow. It has many â€Å"bends† and it â€Å"stops† and â€Å"cuts off† in many places, thus making it a difficult path to traverse. Nature does endow human beings with many talents. However, all the people who are gifted with such talents do not become famous and it transpires that achieving fame is not an easy task. Thus, by using the symbol of Pearl Avenue, to represent the road to fame, the author contends that humans cannot attain fame easily. This is the reason why, despite being a gifted player, Flick is not able to attain real fame. This is one of the main ideas that Updike wants to convey the theme of fame in this poem.In an interview, the author admits that most of his stories derive from his â€Å"interest in the phenomenon of an athlete outliving his time†. In the instant case, Flick does not remain totally committed to his ca ll. Though he is shown as a highly gifted player, whose â€Å"hands were like wild birds† and whom â€Å"the ball loved,† he fails to maintain the cutting edge of performance, and, therefore, his fame vanishes. Thus, the author implies that simply by being talented, an athlete cannot sustain the fame. On the other hand, he or she needs to remain dedicated to the game and continuously improve his or her performance. This is the second idea about fame that the author wants to communicate to his audience through this poem.

General American Democracy and foreign policy Essay

General American Democracy and foreign policy - Essay Example It is submitted that such an argument ignores the complex socio-political backdrop of the US demographic, which has been instrumental in shaping the American constitutional conventions and in turn the American concept of democracy (DeRossa, p.23). For example, if we firstly consider the historical context, it is evident that the interrelationship between the interests of various ethnonational groups and continuous conflict has been instrumental in developing the American institutional framework for democracy. A prime example is the Civil War and the Bleeding Kansas Backdrop (Rawley 1980). For example, James Rawley’s â€Å"Race and Politics: Bleeding Kansas and the Coming of the Civil War† (1980) provides a detailed analysis of the controversies surrounding the repeal of the Missouri compromise and implementation of the Kansas/Nebraska Act 1854. Rawley raises the question as to whether the unsettled Kansas Territory, which was divided between pro-slavery proponents and abolitionists, resulted in irreconcilable factions which in turn creating conditions that only civil war could resolve. In considering the Bleeding Kansas backdrop, Rawley argues that the majority of literature focuses on the slavery debate and ins titution of slavery, without a detailed consideration of race and racial prejudice. In utilising the race debate, Rawley seeks to highlight what he posits as the overriding motivation for the Civil War being the white man’s supremacy struggle as opposed to a fight for emancipation and civil liberties for African Americans. As such, Rawley posits that the central issue in Bleeding Kansas was not the institution of slavery itself but rather race and whether the country could tolerate the expansion of the African American, whether slave or free. If we firstly consider the historical backdrop, Rawley provides an overview of the implementation of the Kansas /Nebraska Act 1854 and highlights the fact that the 1854 legislation organised the

Global Business Situation and Opportunity Analysis [Marketing Plan Essay

Global Business Situation and Opportunity Analysis [Marketing Plan Part 1] - Essay Example Scanning the potential business environments and analyzing business opportunities and strengths with threats and weaknesses are critically important components in developing and establishing a market. Kraft Foods is one of the largest food processor in North America and has now emerged to be the second largest food processor of the world as it went global and made its presence in more than 100 countries. As part of its further marketing development, the company proposes to launch one of its most successful brands- namely Philadelphia- in India and therefore the company requires careful assessing and effective analyzing of situational and environmental factors that may impact the company. Marketing plan is an important success pathway to building any market. This paper presents a brief analysis of global business opportunity and business situation of Kraft Foods in relation to its prospect to launch a new brand in prevailing market, India. Introduction Globalizing the market has becom e a strategic effort to defend or promote competition, because globalized markets endogenously intensify competition between firms and force them to be highly competitive, innovative and to use latest technological developments (Blossfeld, Klijzing and Mills, 2012, p. 5). Almost all the fortune 500 companies have globalized their business to seize greater opportunities from foreign markets. This paper analyzes global business situation and opportunities for Kraft Foods Group Inc in relation to its business prospect to launch one of its most reputable brands, namely Philadelphia to one of its existing markets, India. Company structure, Capabilities and Resources . Kraft Foods Group Inc. is 50th largest Fortune 500 companies (CNN Money, 2013) and is renowned to be a global snacks-powerhouse with varying brands that seem unrivaled for the reputation they gained. It operates food and beverages in North America considerable market position in Canada and other countries. It manufactures a s well as markets refreshment beverages, liquid concentrates, coffee products, confectionary and grocery products and convenient meals in more than 100 countries (Reuters.com, 2013). It is a highly successful company in the way it has differentiated the products. It offers its products in a number of different brands such as Cadbury, Jacobs, Nabisco, Philadelphia, Trident, Maxwell House, Kraft etc (Reuters.com, 2013). Kraft Foods Group Inc. is very keen about preparing its recipe for positive change by reducing, reusing and recycling water and other important resources. The company put in efforts to make the difference by using less water for manufacturing and to reduce product packaging so as to produce less wastes (Kraftfoodscompany.com, 2013). Forbes (2013) ranks Kraft Food as the 46th world largest company for most powerful brand and as 63rd largest for most innovative firm. It employs more than 126,000 employees throughout the world. Products, Markets and distribution of Kraft Foods Kraft Foods offers mainly 7 different lines of products, namely baking & desserts, cheese & diary, coffee & beverages, deli meat & hot dogs, sauces & condiments, side dishes

Management and Organizational Theories: Pros and Cons

Management and Organizational Theories: Pros and Cons Task 1 Evaluate the contributions, strengths and weaknesses of the following three major schools of thought in management and organizational theories: (E1 – PC 1.1) Answer: Classical management theory: The classical management theory is a school of thought which management theorists delved into how to find the best possible way for employees to perform their duties. Strengths: Current management and organizational structure can provide many of its roots in the classical management theory. One of the main advantages of the classical management theory was a methodology for how management should work remember. Management principles can be seen as a basis for the current management behavior today, such as use as a power of authority and responsibility. Coined in this period In addition, another advantage of the classical management theory is the focus on the division of labor. By dividing labor tasks would be faster and more efficiently, thereby increasing productivity. Division of labor can be seen in many applications today, ranging from fast food restaurants, big production. In addition, the classical management theory also gave rise to an autocratic style of leadership, allowing employees to take. Direction and command of their managers PRESIDENT CEO MANAGER SUPERVISOR EMPLOYEES WEAKNESSES: The main weakness of the classical management theory arose from its tough, rigid structure. One of the main principles of the classical management theory is to increase productivity and efficiency; however, achieving these goals often came at the expense of creativity and human relations. Oftentimes, employers and theorists would focus on scientific, almost mechanical ways of increasing productivity. For example, managers would use assembly line methods and project management theories that focused on efficient division of tasks. Humanistic Theory: The Humanistic Management Center advocates a paradigm shift away from economistic views on market activities in the direction of a humanistic attitude. To move from criticism of the status quo towards abundant discourse on alternatives we have developed a three stepped approach offering guidance and a broadcaster for reflection on managerial decisions as well as decision making routes. We understand humanistic management on the basis of three interrelated dimensions. STRENGTHS: Its a holistic theory, so it looks the entire whole person. For example most other theories reduce people to components, in order to treat disorders; the humanist theory would state that the answer lies from looking at the entire person. Weaknesses: Lack of empirical evidence, the self-help therapy involved can teach narcissistic tendencies. The disadvantage of the humanist approach becomes all too evident at a humanist funeral. There is absolutely no comfort in the words of the so called service, and absolutely no hope to the relatives and friends of the dead person of the resurrection which Jesus proved and of life after death. References: http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080406145409AA9vMr9 Contingency Theory: The contingency school of management can be summarized as an â€Å"it all depends† approach. The appropriate management actions and approaches depend on the situation. Managers with a contingency view use a flexible approach, draw on a variety of theories and experiences, and evaluate many options as they solve problems. STRENGTHS: Leader Identification: Fiedlers model gives organizations a rapid method to identify a particular group of the best. Potential leaders the theory includes a least-loved colleague scale, which helps identifies the management of human relations orientation and task orientation of potential leaders. Leaders with a task orientation are best suited to groups in which they defined tasks with a high level of control and supervision. On the other hand, leaders can a relationship orientation to use to get the job done their interpersonal skills and can deal with complex problems when taking decisions. Flexibility: This theory has been designed as a contingency model and is not intended to describe. All possible situations Because the model is to provide flexible enough to fit all kinds of groups leaders and group relationships. Only the results of example, the margin as a group has a leader with low human relations skills, Fiedlers model still gives management the ability to make an effective group with clearly defined roles and increasing the capacity of the leader to rewards or provide information to punish their subordinates. Prescriptive: This model provides managers create by adapting a number of variables. Instrument for effective groups According to Fiedlers contingency model, there is not just one type of successful leadership style, but each type of leader can thrive in the right group sites. The model provides a number of factors may change management to improve efficiency. Group For example, according to Fiedlers theory but an impersonal task oriented leader can be effective in a group while the group is highly structured and clearly defined roles. Weakness: Leader Position power: Position power is determined at the most basic level of rewards and punishments that the leader has officially at his or her disposal for either reward or punish members of the group based on performance. The more power the leader has, the more favorable the situation. References: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-fiedlers-contingency-model-18368.html Different Organizational Structures: SchoolorganizationalStructure: Company Organizational Structure: The sources of power, influence, and authority within present-day organizations, and explain their impact and effectiveness on organizational structure: Sources are the full utilization of resources in the management. Managers very well how to make use of the person to use and in what area it is perfect. Managers know the second person to lead the charge. Following the organization Compare and contrast the traditional and the current outlook of the following: 1) Delegation.: There are delegates going into the meeting and represent the company in the other meetings that are held throughout the world. The person who talks about the organization and the goals of the organization. 2) Participation:. There is the participation of managers and other employees and the boss. But in some organizations, the boss only participates in decision making. . 3) Decision-making: The boss makes the decision after consultation with all the managers and other employees. Boss gives the right to take part in some cases, the manager decisions. Identify and examine the principles for vertical and horizontal coordination in relation to their past and current relevance to management effectiveness: Determinants of Emergency Management Effectiveness There is a considerable amount of research conducted over the past 30 years that many conditions influence the effectiveness of Lemmas been. Identifies this research will be further described in the following pages, but can be summarized by the model in Figure 3-2. This figure indicates that LEMA effectiveness measured by such organizational outcomes as quality , timeliness and cost of the risk by the community is the most direct consequence of the individual results and the schedule adopted and implemented changes . Results for the individual members of the LEMA and LEMC include job satisfaction, organizational commitment, individual effort and attendance, and organizational citizenship behavior. The planning process includes staffing / equipment, organizational structure, team development environment, situational analysis and strategic choice. In turn, the planning process is determined by the level of community support officers, news media and the public. The planning process is also influenced by risk experience, as measured by direct experience with disasters and vicarious experiences that reveal. Potential impact of future disasters Hazard experience also shows an indirect effect on the planning, through the effects on community support. It is important to recognize that although the model as shown in Figure 3-2 static, that is to say, the arrows starts on the left and finishes on the right side of the figure the actual process is dynamic, because success tends to be a self-amplifying process in which a produce increased levels of indirect experience with disaster demands (through emergency training, drills and exercises) , community support , better staff and organization , and more emergency planning resources . High degree of individual and organizational outcomes Hazard Exposure / Community Vulnerability Numerous studies have shown the level of community adjustment hazard is increased by the experience of disaster impact, especially catastrophic consequences. To the vulnerability of the community to hazards easier to remember and more likely to encourage. Frequent for action, recent and serious consequences In some cases, this leads to the development of a disaster subculture in which residents routine patterns of disaster behavior (Wenger, 1978) to determine. When disasters are rare, long removed in time, or have had minimal disruptive impacts, vulnerability threat likely to elicit little attention households, organizations, or the community as a whole. However, the exposure of the community can be made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹by indirect experience gained by reading or hearing about experiences of other communities with disaster. Salient to environmental hazards These can be obtained through newspaper articles or television accounts or, most powerfully, through first-p erson accounts especially if they come from peers (Liddell, 1994a) . For example, a local fire chief is most likely to be affected by the accounts of their experiences other fire chiefs, a city manager is most likely to be affected by another city manager, and so on . Hazard exposure can also be affected by salient cues such as the daily sight of the cooling towers of a nuclear power plant, the intricate maze of piping at a petrochemical plant, or the placards on railcars and trucks passing through town. Information from hazard and vulnerability analyses can also have an effect on the community, but this pallid statistical information is likely to have less of an effect than the vivid first-person accounts described above (Nesbit Ross, 1980). As will be discussed in the next chapter, Risk Perception and Communication, the psychological impact of hazard/vulnerability analyses can be increased by linking data on hazard exposure to likely personal consequences. Task 2 Compare the relevance and application of the motivation theories to workplace behavior in present-day organizations. Two content schools of thought: 1.)Physiological needs: The most basic level in the hierarchy, the physiological needs, generally corresponds to the unlearned primary needs discussed earlier. The needs of hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex are some examples. According to the theory, once these basic needs are satisfied, they no longer motivate. 2.)Safety needs: This second level of needs is roughly equivalent to the security need. Maslow stressed emotional as well as physical safety. The whole organism may become a safety-seeking mechanism. Two process schools of thought: 1.)Esteem needs: The esteem level represents the higher needs of man. The need for power, Performance and the status can be considered as part of this level. Maslow carefully pointed out that the esteem level includes both self-respect and self-esteem of others. . 2) The need for self-actualization: Maslow important contribution, he portrays this level as the peak of the lower, middle and higher human needs. People who update themselves become complacent and have already realized their potential. Self-Actualization is closely related to the self-concepts. In fact, self-actualization is the motivation of the perception of the reality of the individual self. Evaluate two managerial approaches to motivation below for their distinctive contributions to management in organizations. (E1-PC 2.2) . 1) Pay and performance at work: Managers prepare only the grids and paid to the employee. Managers keep a strict eye on the employees how they work and how they perform. 2) Quality of Work Life Programs:. Managers only environment friendly and have a look at how their employees standard of living. They only tell the job how to improve their work. Skills and communication skills examine the positive or negative implication of management style below in relation to management practice in organizations. (E1-PC 2.3) 1.)Autocratic style: Boss takes the decision without consulting with the other employees and managers whether the decision is right or wrong. 2.)Participative style: Boss takes the decision with consulting with the other employees and managers whether the decision is right or wrong. Examine the job design for Marketing Manager below and answer the following questions. What are the motivational effects in terms of task characteristics and personal and work outcomes of the job design options? As a job manager i will motivate the employees in order to achieve the goal and i will also consult the problems which are faced by the employees and how they can overcome it and what are the solutions. What are the implications of the job design options for management? If a job manager, it is my duty to hire and fire staff, because if after boss Im only looking after the company in the absence of the boss. Moreover, I should be the person in whose area he / she is a perfect fit. Evaluate the social influences on individual work effectiveness and motivation and their implications for group functioning and team work: If the employees are faced with a family problem then it will obviously effect the performance of the employees work, and moreover it is my duty to motivate so that he can produce more results in the future worker and I have the solution for tell which is faced by him in the society. Problem Task 3 1. Describe the distinction between management and leadership roles. Leadership is setting a new direction or vision for a group that they follow, ie: a leader is the spearhead for that new direction. Management controls or directs people / resources in a group according to principles or values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹that have already been established. 2. Explain the impact of management and leadership roles on organizational structure Managers need to fulfill many roles in an organization and how they deal with different situations will depend on their styles of management. A leadership style is a general method of leadership used by a manager. 3. Compare two different leadership styles and identifies and contrasts attributes and skills required for each style evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in terms of their significance for effective leadership in organizations. Comparison of Leadership Style  © IANZ | 9735| Demonstrate knowledge of theory in relation to management in organization Page 1 of 11

media avoidance Essay -- essays research papers

In my everyday life I use all sorts of media, they range from cable television, Internet, radio, and the newspaper. For myself media, is the form and technology I use to receive and communicate information. The different forms of media I was trying to avoid were cable television, the internet and radio. I figured if I could avoid those things I would be doing well in avoiding most obvious forms of mass media. What I realized as I began this whole experience this whole experience is that the mass media is an important if not the most important part of my everyday life. I use it for almost everything I do and it surrounds me. On my first day of avoiding the media, which was on a Saturday, my plan going into was not check my e-mail, not watch television and not listen to the radio. This was not as easy as I thought, that morning when I woke up my first instinct was to check my e-mail. After I couldn’t do that I felt all this anxiety that I was missing out on something. But I went without, and was able to get to work without reading the newspaper or listening to the radio. It was easy for me to avoid media at work because I work at Enterprise Rent-A-Car and all I do there is check people into cars and drive around the city all day. If I don’t turn on the radio when I’m driving cars then I pretty much avoid most media. The only problem I had at work is when I would be talking to some customers and they would be talking about things they heard in the news, sports etc†¦ and I could...